The U.S. Army’s approach to assessing physical fitness and well-being has changed over the years, with an increasing focus on evidence-based assessments that reduce injury and better predict Service members’ success in their occupational specialties. This report, authored by Insight’s military and veteran support team for the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS), provides an overview of the approach and history of physical fitness assessments used in the U.S. Army and describes approaches used by foreign militaries to implement physical fitness assessments. The report outlines the conclusions and implications for DACOWITS, suggesting that as DACOWITS continues to study the U.S. Military Services’ physical fitness assessments, foreign military approaches to these assessments can provide additional context and information.