Currently, among 173 countries, the United States is 1 of only 4 without a national policy requiring paid maternity leave. To inform military policy on service member pregnancy, breastfeeding, postpartum fitness testing, and operational deferment policies, the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (known as DACOWITS) requested this literature review on medical research and laws that support the health and welfare of pregnant and postpartum women. Authored by Insight’s military and veteran support team, this report identifies the nationwide laws that protect pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding workers, and the policies that apply to federal workers and private-sector workers. The report also explores the medical literature that underpins some of these policies and concludes with a discussion of postpartum depression as it relates to the general population and Service members.